Index bibliographique
Discographie renvoie aux références données dans chaque article (Inventaire des phonogrammes sur le CD)
Filmographie Fil== Texte du titre ==mographie et illustrations, cartes, photos, tableaux etc.
Table des matières
ABSTRACTS'''Abstracts'''Traditional song : about meaning and style '''Summary'''Foreword''The Semiostylistics''Prof. Dr Georges Molinié, President of Paris IV-Sorbonne UniversityIntroductionInterdisciplinarity approach of traditional songProf. Dr André-Marie Despringre, UAG, Paris IV-Sorbonne, Researcher Lacito-CNRS''I. Context and situation of traditional song'''''Texte en gras''' :from ethnography to archive''Béarn and Bas-Adour. The interactive construction of a European fieldwork''Jean-Jacques Castéret, Bordeaux III University, Lacito-CNRS, Ethnopole InÒc AquitàniaThe fieldwork is like a magma in which the researcher immerses. But when you look closer, it is a puzzle (Despringre) composed of heterogeneous elements: different types of vocal performances, divergent speeches, oral productions, written documents, synchronic as well as diachronic elements ; that we need understand the local organization of the musical performance. Of course, when we are musicologist, it is tempting to stick to the selection of one of the aspects of oral music, vocal pieces in my case, and transcribe and analyze them.This work would still be endless and little or no meaning. Indeed, in Béarn, where oral tradition is very much alive, we note a corpus of several hundred items, whose performance is subject to many variations. So, how to start this work ? To where ? Other elements of the fieldwork – textual, contextual, local categories… – can however help to identify appropriate units for the singers and more enabling to analysis.It’s, in fact, between participative, interparticipative ethomusicology and analysis, that the researcher can gradually identify his object, by and exploratory construction, constantly renewed, which sees him evolve with it.Keywords : investigation ; ethnography ; context ; multipart singing ; polyphony ; singing ; categorization ; musical analysis.''I heard Joséphine Naulleau singing: a voice of the Breton-Vendée marshland'', Jean-Pierre Bertrand, President, OPCI, Le Perrier, VendéeA daughter of the Barbereaus, owners of one of the largest farms in Saint-Jean-de-Monts, Joséphine Naulleau (1899-1991) is an example of the singer type. From childhood, she participates in domestic and agricultural work. The human environment for the operation of the farm is divided between the staff attached to the breeding and culture – farmhands, shepherds, cowherds, drovers – and the ones ensuring the accommodation of the said perAbstracts407sonnel and the family – servants, seamstresses, cooks and domestics. Before 1930, collective works and the evenings that follow, the meetings of youth, including the preparation of the wedding, Sunday dances still performed to the voice, are all used to share repertoires. « I heard a song once and I knew it ! » boasts the interviewee. Truly great oral memory, Josephine Naulleau allows us to generate a profile of what was one of the last traditional singers in rural areas.Keywords : Saint-Jean-de-Monts ; Vendée ; old singer type ; ethnography of servants ; peasant ; seamstress ; cooks ; wedding songs ; dances of Vendée.''Jean-François Carré, Gisèle Gallais: background and repertoire of traditional singers in xxist century Upper Brittany'', Michel Colleu, OPCI, co-founder , in charge of the study and inventory of intangible cultural heritage.Since the first collections of the romantic period, investigators say they arrive at the ultimate moment to collect oral song tradition. Yet, the xxist century singers still transmit a large family repertoire, including rare or unique songs; this is the case of the Bretons Jean-François Carré, St. Jacut de la Mer, and Gisèle Gallais, Rouillac, who each passed on dozens of songs. How was the chain of transmission maintained all the way through to them ? What repertoire can we gather in Brittany almost two centuries after the ethnography precursors investigations ? Beyond this oral material, Michel Colleu shows how the type of collaboration between « investigator » and « investigated » changed between his first collectings of the 1970s and those of the 2010s, and how the environment – family, associations – participates in enhancing the heritage of the «witness», and, directly or indirectly, in feeding the investigation and encouraging the direct transmission of this « small heritage ».Keywords : singer ; Haute-Bretagne; collecting ; inventory of intangible cultural heritage ; laments ; cataloging.Form building: singing while marchingJosé Rodrigues dos Santos, Professor, Department of Social and Human Sciences, Military Academy, Lisbon ; Researcher, Centro Interdisciplinar de História, Cultura e Sociedades, Universidade de Évora (CIDEHUS), Portugal,). And Sónia Moreira Cabeça.''Using the ethnographic data acquired during a fieldwork that lasted from 2007 to 2011 in Alentejo'' (a region in the South of Portugal), we propose an analysis of the processes that originated the creation of such cultural forms as the « choral groups » dedicated to the practice of cante alentejano as well as of a special kind of performances. These are the « groups’ parade s», which happen during the groups’ meetings. We intend to work on the concept of „cultural form“ considered as the result of the combination of three main elements: a conceptual structure, a regulation mechanism (which amounts to a system of norms) and a community of practitioners, the cultural form’s bearers. We describe the social processes of form building concerning the singing and its performance during the parades, and stress the effects of such performances’ modalities (singing while marching) on the music itself.Keywords : cultural form ; cante alentejano ; ethnomusicology ; singing ; polyphony ; parade.'''II. Linguistics of the traditional song'''''Texte en italique''''Meaning, texts and vocality''Jean-Pierre Caprile (†2008), Research Director, Lacito-CNRSSpoken language is sometimes compared to singing and counting. As a matter of fact, language, music and counting use conventional signs produced by man, drawing from sound material – and can be all studied by semiotics.Keywords : language/speech ; semiotics ; language processing ; study of French ; qualitative/quantitative ; vocal corpus ; body language.''Ethnolinguistic study of traditional songs''Dr Jeanine Fribourg (†2012), Senior Lecturer, University of Paris V-Sorbonne (Retd), Researcher Lacito-CNRS.There is in oral literature an aesthetic concern that does not necessarily exist in tradition and folklore. Oral literature is that part of oral tradition that has taken a literary form. So that a song, like any work of oral literature, should be studied for its form as well as for its contents. If we studied a popular song only in terms of its contents, it would lose what characterizes it as a song in such society. It is necessary to consider in addition to the content, the form, situation of utterance, circumstances, and of course the music (and possibly body language). It should be added that an understanding of oral literature requires, as stated in B. Pottier (1970: 11), „a great familiarity with the cultural context“.Keywords : oral literature ; oral tradition ; songs ; formal analysis ; cultural context.''Text and context in French traditional songs: meaning subject of traditional song''Dr Sylvie Mougin, Senior Lecturer, University of Reims, Researcher Lacito-CNRSThis paper focuses on the problems that the modern scholar – linguist or anthropologist – is confronted with when trying to understand the semiotic system on which the lyrics of French traditional songs rely. Although they are often in French and not in the local languages (patois), as are other folk genres like tales and legends, many songs seem inconsistent or nonsensical to us, as they rely on other uses or conceptions of language and speech than those of modern popular songs. Based on specific examples, the paper reviews some of these discrepancies.Keywords : French folksongs ; semiotics ; ethnography of speech. ''Paradise tree in French traditional songs'' Dr Sylvie Mougin, Senior Lecturer, University of Reims, Researcher Lacito-CNRSThe catalogue of French traditional songs by Patrice Coirault lists under the headings «Tree of Heaven» and «The Three Maries at the gate of Paradise» twenty songs that share the motif of a wonderful tree, planted in Paradise: at its top, Saint Michael and Saint John watch the souls of the dead migrate to Heaven, Hell or Purgatory. These songs were recorded by ethnographers in the late nineteenth century, in Poitou, Vendée, Languedoc, Forez and Velay. Conrad Laforte has also recorded versions in Canada.The article examines the relationships that these songs have with prayers for the dead and, based on the analysis of Mircea Eliade, shows how, in the way of myth, they order around the axis mundi, the cosmological space of traditional village communities.Keywords : French folksongs ; ethnography of speech. ''Links between discourse functions and mechanisms in oral tradition of song from French Guérande region (function between semantic representation of bad marriage with ridiculous one)''Dr Laetitia Bourmalo, Nantes University, CoDire-CERCI-EA 3824This article deals with the links between discourse functions and mechanisms in the folk song of Guérande, area of Brittany, France. I specially focus on the connection established in discourse between the two representations of ʻmarriageʼ and ʻridiculeʼ, and the extra-linguistic function of this link.This analysis makes use of the discourse linguistic analysis, which is an approach at the junction of semantic theory and discourse analysis.Keywords : argumentative semantics ; discourse linguistic analysis ; modalization ; folk song ; discursive mecanisms ; extra-linguistic function. ''For a poetics of oral poetry sung'' Photini Panayi, Dr in linguistics, Lacito-CNRS, up to 1995The text, of any kind, is halfway between an oral tradition civilization and a society organized according to the principles of civilization written. In order to examine the poetical text through its civilization and culture, we will use the ethnolinguistics which is one of the possible subjects and the study of oral litterature which is the object of the ethnolinguistics. Although the two fields of study disciplines – anthropology and linguistics – are very broad, it seems that the approach to oral poem itself has rarely been done. What would actually bring us the study, through ethnolinguistics, of the poetic system of poems sung? Since the poetic state of popular oral poetry is part of what might be called the « traditionality of poetics » (J.P. Bobillot, 1989: 82), this approach would allow us to develop a specific system such that poetic ‘it can account for its role in oral societies. Semantics of discourse song.Keywords : systems of poems ; poetry ; poetical texts sung ; oral tradition ; traditionality of poetry ; ethnolinguistics ; anthropology. ''III. Interdisciplinarity: towards musilinguistics of the traditional song'' Towards interdisciplinary approaches for analyzing complex relationships between language, music and gesture: a case study with nursery rhymes in drehu (Lifou Island – New Caledonia)Dr Stéphanie Geneix-Rabault, Ethnomusicologist, Lacito-CNRSSinging nursery rhymes to children can be a powerful means to conserve Kanak languages. Those which are sung in drehu on Lifou Island (New Caledonia) are based upon a complex structure which revolves around textual, musical and gestural elements. These can be combined and permuted in multiple ways. This jeopardizes our capacity to describe and characterize these rhymes in a comprehensive, articulated and consistent manner. This is the aim of this paper to expose a unique methodological interdisciplinary approach which could respond to this unique challenge. Such a perspective is informed by various disciplines, including anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, ethnomusicology, linguistics and poetics. Some popular drehu nursery rhymes which encompass various forms have been selected as a case study to unravel the key principles which underpin such an approach.Keywords : ethnography ; ethnomusicology ; linguistics (drehu language) ; interdisciplinary approaches ; nursery rhymes ; childhood ; mothering. ''Two semiotic performances: a zoetrope sound and a lesson in French dance (mediating role of short texts sung in Africa)''Jean-Pierre Caprile (†2008), Research Director, Lacito-CNRSSung texts collected by the author in four languages spoken in Chad: Arabic dialect, Tobanga (or « Gabri », East Chadic language group), Mbay (Sara-Bongo-Baguirmi group) and school French spoken in Africa.The song « Chameleon » is a zoetrope accompanying motor activity and the song « Fati » is a parody dance of a lesson in French language contained in the manuals for Africa.Keywords: zoetrope ; texte ; rhythm ; voice ; gesture ; meaning ; transposition ; playing ; embodied cognition ; semiotics ; Chad. ''The accent in the Limousin’s spoke or sung langage'' Dr Hubert Schmitt, PhD in musicology, University of Paris IV and Lacito-CNRSObserve through the way traditonnal songs are sung signs of the identity of people in Limousin. The Limousin is in the far north of the French Occitania. Its dialect differs notably from other Occitan dialects by its accent’s oxytonic trends. From north to south the corpus recorded by Ferdinand Brunot (Sorbonne) is analyzed using the software Praat. The study aims to compare the spoken emphasis and accent with a maximum of identified linguistic elements. This requires thorough knowledge of the accent of the language spoken in Limousin. The results of these tests can establish the existence of special features to better characterize the identity of the crossed Limousine soils.Keywords : rhythmics ; spoken/sung ; Praat software ; accent ; Occitan-Limousine identity. ''«I made a mistress, three days not long ago…»: comparing versions of a narrative peddling song'' A.-M. Despringre, Prof. Dr UAG, Researcher Lacito-CNRS (retrd), Doctoral School V of Paris IV, Sorbonne.On the theme of ‘a demand and a refusal of marriage from a father to his daughter’, I compare the first results of my musical and poetic interpretations on five recordings. These were done successively in High-Jura (1972), Flanders (around 1979) and Brittany (Morbihan, 1989) and are juxtaposed with other versions recorded in Vendée (collection 20th century by Jean-Pierre Bertrand), and in Bas-Adour in Béarn (collection 1999 by Jean- Jacques Castéret). Their paradigmatic transcription and their comparative analysis permit the evaluation of the cultural spread. In this manner, this article sets out to ask wether this formal comparison is pertinent.Keywords : version comparison ; High-Jura ; Flanders ; Brittany ; Béarn ; Vendée ; paradigmatic ; cultural distance ; intermusicality. ''The variation in traditional songs of metropolitan France: a possible aesthetics of ‘montage’'' A.-M. Despringre, Prof. Dr UAG, Researcher Lacito-CNRS (retd), Doctoral school V of Paris IV, Sorbonne The perpetual variations of the poetic and melodic content represented in French language traditional songs, as it is set in view of the performance, shows the implementation of original methods, be they anthropological, literary or musical, and should allow a more refined analysis of the meaning of these forms. The infinite chains of interpretation (cf. Peirce’s semiotics), if they allow a structural stability, would nevertheless create a never-ending variation of many poetic and melodic parameters, as much in the form of expression as in the form of the content (Hjelmslev’s semiotics). They call to mind, in Literature, the problematics of intertextuality, of editing aesthetics and even of aesthetics of plagiarism, and in Music, the melodic variations among multiple versions (cf. Constantin Brãiloiu). The distinction between the constants of the melody, when it is associated with the text, and its variations remains consequently the nodal point of the analysis of traditional songs on which this research must progress to describe the semiostylistic principles that support such forms.Keywords : interdisciplinary ; semiotics ; texts and music of traditional songs (France: High-Jura, Flanders, Brittanny) ; orality ; cognition ; monody ; rhythm ; symbolic form ; variations of expression and contents ; editing aesthetics. ''IV. Contemporary reappropriation of the traditional singingin French area''''Between texts and actions: Breton and Celtic music in the social imaginary of Brittany'' A.-M. Despringre, Prof. Dr UAG, Researcher Lacito-CNRS (retd), Doctoral school V of Paris IV, SorbonneThe ethnographic material collected in situ since 1989 comprises musical and festive actions, words/lyrics and also pieces of writing about these actions. I will attempt to look more specifically at how the transcribed words/lyrics of regionalist musicians, and particularly those of Bretons today, correspond with the actual practices of so-called Breton and Celtic music, and also at the way in which the discourse of the musicians is ideological and political. The musical and wider cultural imaginary, which is reconstructed today, here takes on important proportions. Indeed, it determines and controls not only social behaviour but also the musical art itself: new uses of musical instruments, renewal of types of musical repertoires, local styles retained by practitioners and then regionalized. The problem of referring to people and texts faced with the situations which are made for them will be presented. This constitutes an example of what the Danish semiologist Hjelmslev calls « semiotic function », which we will examine here between text and action.Keywords : Celtic and Breton identities ; musical actions ; writings about words/lyrics ; social imaginary ; Breton musical arts ; musical instruments ; cultural reappropriation ; musilinguistics ; semiotic function. '''Conclusion'''''Interdisciplinarity and relationship between musilinguisticsand semiostylistics''André-Marie DespringrePresentation of the pieces on the CD enclosed with this book
